Migrant
workers, in their tiny apartment in Abu Dhabi, earn as little as $272 a
month while building a campus for New York University. Photo: THE NEW
YORK TIMES
The strike had entered its second day when
construction workers at Labour Camp 42 got word that their bosses from
the BK Gulf corporation had come to negotiate. Mohammed Amir Waheed
Sirkar, an electrician from Bangladesh, scrambled down the stairs to
meet them. But when he got to the courtyard, he saw the truth: It wasn't
the bosses who had come. It was the police.
They pounded on doors,
breaking some down, and hauled dozens of men to prison. Sirkar was taken
to a Dubai police station, where officers interrogated him. After a
while, new officers arrived. That's when things got rough.
“They
beat me up,” he said through an Urdu interpreter, “asking me to confess I
was involved in starting the strike.” Others were slapped, kicked, or
beaten with shoes, a special indignity in Arab culture.
After nine days in jail, Sirkar was deported, as were hundreds of other workers.
The forceful response was typical for the United Arab Emirates, where
strikes are illegal and labour conditions grim, but most of the men who
went on strike last October were working on a project that originated in
America: a large new campus for New York University.
Facing
criticism for venturing into a country where dissent is not tolerated
and labour can resemble indentured servitude, NYU in 2009 issued a
“statement of labour values” that it said would guarantee fair treatment
of workers. But interviews by The New York Times with dozens of workers
who built NYU's recently completed campus found that conditions on the
project were often starkly different from the ideal.
Virtually every
one said he had to pay recruitment fees of up to a year's wages to get
his job and had never been reimbursed. NYU's list of labour values said
that contractors are supposed to pay back all such fees. Most of the men
described having to work 11 or 12 hours a day, six or seven days a
week, just to earn close to what they had originally been promised,
despite a provision in the labour statement that overtime should be
voluntary.
The men said they were not allowed to hold onto their
passports, in spite of promises to the contrary. And the experiences of
the BK Gulf strikers, a half dozen of whom were reached by The Times in
their home countries, stand in contrast to the standard that all workers
should have the right to redress labour disputes without “harassment,
intimidation, or retaliation.”
Some men lived in squalor, 15 men to a room. The university said there should be no more than four.
“Not happy,” Munawar, a painter from Bangladesh who only gave one name
declared, speaking in limited English. Back home, he said, they have
lives, families. “Come here,” he concluded, “not happy.”
NYU Abu
Dhabi is a bold undertaking, matching the ambitions of one of the
world's wealthiest nations with those of America's largest private
university. It is also one of the most closely watched of a growing
number of experiments in academic globalization. NYU's president, John
Sexton, has called the outpost, an entire degree-granting institution,
“an opportunity to transform the university and, frankly, the world.”
But Abu Dhabi, the capital of the United Arab Emirates, is an unlikely
setting for a university built on the American model. Academic freedom
is unheard-of, criticising government is a crime and an employment
system known as kafala leaves millions of immigrant workers tethered to
the companies that sponsor their visas.
NYU has said the campus will
be built and run as a “cultural free zone,” where the university's core
values prevail, from the treatment of workers to the protection of
scholarly inquiry. The university says that its efforts to ensure humane
living and working conditions have been unprecedented.
Told of the
labourers' complaints, officials said they could not vouch for the
treatment of individual construction workers, since they are not
employees of the university but rather of companies that work as
contractors or subcontractors for the government agency overseeing the
project. Those companies are contractually obligated to follow the
statement of labour values.
To help monitor the situation, an
engineering firm, Mott MacDonald, has been on hand to interview workers
and prepare annual reports. The latest, released last month, noted some
challenges, including a single contractor who fell behind on one month's
wages, but concluded, “Overall, there is strong evidence confirming the
NYUAD project is taking workers' rights seriously.”
The report made no mention of the BK Gulf strike, or the strikers' demands for more pay.
Mott MacDonald declined to discuss its report. John Beckman, NYU's
chief spokesman, said in a recent email that university officials were
not aware of any unrest and were “working with our partners to have it
investigated.”
LUXURY NEXT DOOR
NYU Abu Dhabi rises just to the
northeast of the city's busy downtown, on a vast sun-baked expanse
called Saadiyat Island. The island, whose name means “happiness” in
Arabic, is being developed as a world-class culture destination, with
outposts of the Louvre and the Guggenheim Museum that, like its
neighbour, were paid for by Abu Dhabi's ruler, Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed
al-Nahyan.
The broad slope of a lacy dome is just now coming into
view on the Louvre's site. The Guggenheim is still just a building-size
hole, with a skeleton crew of workers pumping out water. But both museum
projects have attracted unwelcome attention from human rights groups.
In March, members of Gulf Labour, a group of artists and writers,
unfurled protest banners in the Guggenheim's New York home to call
attention to working conditions in Abu Dhabi.
Richard Armstrong, the
Guggenheim's director, said it was committed to fair labour standards
and noted that “the Guggenheim Abu Dhabi is not yet under construction.”
NYU's construction is now complete. When the undergraduate programme,
which has so far been operating out of temporary facilities, holds its
first graduation on Sunday at the new campus, former president Bill
Clinton will be on hand to usher NYU into the next phase of its life as a
“global network university.”
A vast majority of the roughly 6,000
people who built that campus have been housed in large labour camps.
Security guards keep visitors from entering those camps, but NYU
officials say the conditions there are excellent, with what are
described as “on-site leisure facilities” and “a wide range of
recreational pursuits.”
The company Munawar works for, City Falcon,
housed him, along with a few dozen other labourers, in a small tenement
building in the city's business district.
Just a few blocks up the
street are the modern buildings that have served as NYU's temporary
campus; a few blocks in the other direction is the stunning ultraluxury
hotel where the university has staged cultural events.
Inside City
Falcon's squalid quarters, the bedrooms are so crowded that the men must
sleep three to a stack -- one on the upper bunk, one on the lower bunk
and one below the lower bunk, separated from the floor by only a thin
pad for a mattress. In the space between the beds, the men pile
cauliflower, onions and 75-pound sacks of Basmati rice to cook after
working all day and washing the construction dirt from their clothes.
Tangles of exposed wiring hang down from the ceiling, and cockroaches
climb the walls.
In the smaller of the two rooms in this apartment,
where the only window is covered over, more than a dozen men share a
space of barely 200 square feet. They drape towels down from the bed
above them to eke out a tiny realm of privacy.
The men who live
there, like millions of other South Asian labourers in Abu Dhabi, came
for one reason: to earn money for their families back home. One City
Falcon employee, a soft-spoken man with a boyish face, is helping
support five brothers. Another supports four children, ages 6 to 14.
Others have toddlers they have never met.
One painter said he was
promised a base pay of 1,500 dirham a month, or $408. After he arrived,
he said, he found out it would be 700 dirham, about what other Saadiyat
Island construction workers have been reported to make.
Overtime
boosts that to 1,000 dirham, or $272. But food costs more than a third
of that. Cellphones, the men's lifeline to the world they left behind,
take another cut. And the annual raises they were promised have not
materialised. Even working 11 hours a day, six days a week, they
struggle to send home much more than $100 a month.
That is how
the numbers work on paper; in reality they are far worse. Almost all of
the several dozen workers interviewed, working for a variety of
companies and living at a half-dozen labour camps, said that a recruiter
back home charged them about a year's wages to land them the jobs.
(Recruitment fees are widespread in the UAE, despite being officially
illegal; Human Rights Watch calls them “the single greatest factor in
creating conditions of forced labour.”)
The City Falcon workers,
like all the men interviewed, said they were not allowed to keep their
own passports. A group of labourers in a nearby apartment who had
recently finished installing furniture on the Saadiyat Island campus
said they were not even allowed to hold their own bank cards. To get
cash they have to ask the man they called the “owner”: the recruiter who
brought them over from Bangladesh, who sleeps in the room with them.
Attempts to reach City Falcon managers were not successful.
BK Gulf, the company whose workers went on strike last October, said it
was “obliged by confidentiality clauses to make no comment whatsoever
without the express permission of our client.” Mubadala, the government
entity overseeing the construction of the NYU campus, said it would not
comment on any aspect of the project.
CHALLENGING THE SYSTEM
By
laying out its standards for labour in a country with no tradition of
workers' rights, NYU took on a considerable challenge -- one that many
companies in the region are content to ignore. Sustaining the academic
freedom that is a core value of its New York campus will pose a similar
challenge. In both cases, the challenge is made more complex by the fact
that the university is in effect a guest of the ruling family, which
has not only paid for the 21-building campus and for generous tuition
subsidies, but also has contributed the first of what are expected to be
several $50 million donations to NYU as a whole.
In recent years,
the United Arab Emirates, which has been accused of torturing political
prisoners, has intensified its crackdown on dissent. And though
neighboring Qatar, which is preparing for the 2022 World Cup, recently
announced reforms to the kafala system, in UAE it remains firmly in
place.
On some of the labour protections that NYU set forth,
including a ban on child labour and a requirement that workers get free
transportation to their job sites, The Times's reporting turned up no
violations.
Margaret Bavuso, the executive director of campus
operations for NYU Abu Dhabi, said she had worked closely with
contractors and the government of Abu Dhabi to ensure better conditions
than labourers in the UAE could otherwise expect. “The government has
become much, much more responsive in the time that we've been here,” she
said, citing among other things new rules to ban outdoor work during
the hottest hours of the hottest months.
She is especially proud of
the university's safety record, achieved in part through a program that
rewards workers who notice potential hazards. According to the
university, only one worker has died, and its accident rate -- 0.03
accidents per 100,000 work hours -- was far lower than at other
large-scale construction jobs, including Olympic Park in London, which
had a rate of 0.16.
At one of the recent safety awards ceremonies,
Bavuso said, Al Bloom, the vice chancellor of NYU Abu Dhabi, addressed
thousands of labourers who had come from countries like India, Pakistan,
Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Nepal. Bavuso says he told them: “All of you
have worked so very hard on this project. Your children are benefiting
from the work that you do on this project. There is no reason that those
children, as they get educated in your country, that they can't apply
to go to school here. And just think about how exciting it would be for
them to attend a school that you built.”
Beckman, the NYU spokesman,
disputed that some workers are not paid a living wage. “Wages on the
NYUAD project are designed to place workers at the top of the range in
their respective categories,” he said.
But in a separate interview,
Bavuso said that beyond setting forth the broad principle of fair
compensation, NYU does not actually monitor what the construction
companies pay their workers, nor should it. “We're not involved in the
negotiation of the contracts that the partners are doing, just as
they're not in the negotiation of the contracts that we're doing,” she
said. “We have a relationship with our partners, and so we have to trust
that what they're coming up with are the reasonable wages on their
end.”
NYU officials said that no complaints had been raised about
the treatment of the security guards, cafeteria cooks and secretaries
who staffed NYU Abu Dhabi's temporary location while its permanent
campus was being built. Over the years, 19 of them were identified as
having paid a recruitment fee, and they were reimbursed, officials said.
As for the men who were building the new campus -- who outnumber those
non-construction staff members by about 30 to 1 -- Bavuso drew a
distinction. Construction workers who “were recruited for this job,” she
said, are treated with the same protections as the university's own
staff. But that is not possible, she said, for a worker brought over by a
construction company and moved from site to site.
The construction
workers, however, did not describe having been recruited for any
particular job site. They say they were recruited by manpower agencies
or by construction companies that, like most large contractors, have
people stationed at several job sites. The men might spend five months
on one project, two years on another, just going where they are sent.
With major construction at NYU now concluded, most workers have moved
on to other job sites. Those who were arrested for striking are back in
their home countries.
Ramkumar Rai and Tibendra Kota, two Nepali men
who worked for a contractor, Robodh, on the NYU site (for months, in
Rai's case; years, in Kota's), are still in limbo.
From a certain
perspective, both were success stories. They got promotions. They got
raises. They made decent money. But during their last six months on the
university site, their employer fell behind on wages. And then in
February 2013, their jobs came to an end.
Since then they have asked
many times for their back pay, and have even gone to the company's
headquarters in Dubai, where they say they got a meeting with someone
who introduced himself as the chief executive. But they have gotten only
tiny sums of cash, and a request that they not pursue the matter in
labour court.
It has been 16 months since they were last paid,
during which time their work visas expired; even if they decided to give
up the fight, they would face stiff exit fines at the airport. They
could not afford to fly themselves home anyway: Over the course of more
than a year without pay, they have racked up more than $1,000 in debt at
the local grocery. So they stay, and they wait.
Jayaprakash Punathil, an assistant general manager at Robodh, said he was not aware of any outstanding payments.
Said Rai: “They keep saying, 'We'll send the money; we'll send it,' but they don't.”
“There's no work; there's no money: It's really hard,” he said. “Having done so much work, to have no money: It's so painful.”
Interns
of the Dhaka Medical College Hospital Hospital (DMCH) continued their
strike on Monday on Monday protesting an assault on one of their
colleague and demanding arrest of the attackers.
PM returns home